The levels of E/M services recognize four types of medical decision making (straightforward,
low complexity, moderate complexity and high complexity). Medical decision
making refers to the complexity of establishing a diagnosis and/or selecting a
management option as measured by:
- the number of possible diagnoses and/or the number of management options that must be considered;
- the amount and/or complexity of medical records, diagnostic tests, and/or other information that must be obtained, reviewed and analyzed; and
- the risk of significant complications, morbidity and/or mortality, as well as comorbidities, associated with the patient's presenting problem(s), the diagnostic procedure(s) and/or the possible management options.
NUMBER OF DIAGNOSES OR MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
The number of possible diagnoses and/or the number of management options that must
be considered is based on the number and types of problems addressed during the
encounter, the complexity of establishing a diagnosis and the management decisions
that are made by the physician.
Generally, decision making with respect to a diagnosed problem is easier than that for
an identified but undiagnosed problem. The number and type of diagnostic tests
employed may be an indicator of the number of possible diagnoses. Problems which
are improving or resolving are less complex than those which are worsening or failing
to change as expected. The need to seek advice from others is another indicator of
complexity of diagnostic or management problems.
DG: For each encounter, an assessment, clinical impression, or diagnosis
should be documented. It may be explicitly stated or implied in
documented decisions regarding management plans and/or further
evaluation.
For a presenting problem with an established diagnosis the record should
reflect whether the problem is: a) improved, well controlled, resolving or
resolved; or, b) inadequately controlled, worsening, or failing to change as
expected.
AMOUNT AND/OR COMPLEXITY OF DATA TO BE REVIEWED
The amount and complexity of data to be reviewed is based on the types of diagnostic
testing ordered or reviewed. A decision to obtain and review old medical records and/or
obtain history from sources other than the patient increases the amount and complexity
of data to be reviewed.
Discussion of contradictory or unexpected test results with the physician who
performed or interpreted the test is an indication of the complexity of data being
reviewed. On occasion the physician who ordered a test may personally review the
image, tracing or specimen to supplement information from the physician who
prepared the test report or interpretation; this is another indication of the complexity of
data being reviewed.
DG: If a diagnostic service (test or procedure) is ordered, planned, scheduled, or
performed at the time of the E/M encounter, the type of service, eg, lab or x-ray,
should be documented.
DG: The review of lab, radiology and/or other diagnostic tests should be documented.
A simple notation such as "WBC elevated" or "chest x-ray unremarkable" is
acceptable. Alternatively, the review may be documented by initialing and dating
the report containing the test results.
DG: A decision to obtain old records or decision to obtain additional history from the
family, caretaker or other source to supplement that obtained from the patient
should be documented.
DG: Relevant findings from the review of old records, and/or the receipt of additional
history from the family, caretaker or other source to supplement that obtained
from the patient should be documented. If there is no relevant information
beyond that already obtained, that fact should be documented. A notation of “Old
records reviewed” or “additional history obtained from family” without elaboration
is insufficient.
DG: The results of discussion of laboratory, radiology or other diagnostic tests with
the physician who performed or interpreted the study should be documented.
DG: The direct visualization and independent interpretation of an image, tracing
or specimen previously or subsequently interpreted by another physician
should be documented.
